True-breeding- term used to describe organisms that produce offspring identicle to themselves if allowed to self pollinate. http://www.sparknotes.com/testprep/books/sat2/biology/chapter7section3.rhtmlTrait- specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another. http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/genpsytraits.html

Gene- A hereditary unit consisting of a sequence of DNA that occupies a specific location on a chromosome and determines a particular characteristic in an organism. Genes undergo mutation when their DNA sequence changes.http://www.kidshealth.org/kid/talk/qa/what_is_gene.html

Allele- any of several forms of a gene, usually arising through mutation, that are responsible for hereditary variation. http://images.google.com/imgresimgurl=http://www.genome.gov/Pages/Hyperion/DIR/VIP/Glossary/Illustration/Images/allele.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.dadamo.com/wiki/wiki.pl/Allele&h=251&w=496&sz=36&hl=en&start=7&um=1&tbnid=5v9pTPKCBoJ6sM:&tbnh=66&tbnw=130&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dallele%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff Gamete- A reproductive cell having the haploid number of chromosomes, especially a mature sperm or egg capable of fusing with a gamete of the opposite sex to produce the fertilized egg.http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.scienceaid.co.uk/biology/genetics2/images/gametes.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.scienceaid.co.uk/biology/genetics2/meiosis.html&h=350&w=561&sz=44&hl=en&start=13&um=1&tbnid=ikHSdTy7HgV7iM:&tbnh=83&tbnw=133&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dgamete%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff

Probability- likelyhood that a particulat event will occur. http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://staff.jccc.net/pdecell/transgenetics/treeprob.gif&imgrefurl=http://staff.jccc.net/pdecell/transgenetics/probability.html&h=345&w=334&sz=5&hl=en&start=1&um=1&tbnid=eso4jlhSTMNX1M:&tbnh=120&tbnw=116&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dprobability%2Bgenetics%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff Punnett Square- diagram showing the gene combinations that might result from a genetic cross. http://users.adelphia.net/~lubehawk/BioHELP!/psquare.htm

Homozygous- having identical pairs of genes for any given pair of hereditary characteristics. http://biology.about.com/od/geneticsglossary/g/homozygous.htm

Heterozygous- Having different alleles at one or more corresponding chromosomal loci. http://biology.about.com/od/geneticsglossary/g/heterozygous.htm

Phenotype- the appearance of an organism resulting from the interaction of the genotype and the environment. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotype-phenotype_distinction

Genotype- the genetic makeup of an organism or group of organisms with reference to a single trait, set of traits, or an entire complex of traits. http://www.iscid.org/encyclopedia/Genotype

Homologous- having the same alleles or genes in the same order of arrangement: homologous chromosomes. http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Homologous_chromosome

Diploid- having two similar complements of chromosomes. http://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0050254&ct=1

Haploid- pertaining to a single set of chromosomes. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haploid_Cell

Meiosis- part of the process of gamete formation, consisting of chromosome conjugation and two cell divisions, in the course of which the diploid chromosome number becomes reduced to the haploid. http://youtube.com/watch?v=D1_-mQS_FZ0

Tetrad- a group of four chromatids formed by synapsis at the beginning of meiosis. http://www.contexo.info/DNA_Basics/images/mimovchanged2.gif

Crossing-Over- The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes that occurs during meiosis and contributes to genetic variability. http://youtube.com/watch?v=ngmL8T3Hfg8

Gene Map- an arrangement of genes on a chromosome. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/22827585/85/

Chapter 10 questions

p.243 questions 1-5
1.give two reasons why cells divide.

- The larger a cell becomes, the more demands the cell plaeces in its DNA and the more trouble the cell has moving enough nutrients and wastes across the cell membrane.

2. how is a cell's DNA like the books in a library?

- Cells DNA are like books in the library because a large cell would have to make greater demands on its available genetic "library," and then in comparison a library would have to provide more books for a town that contnues to grow.

3. what is the solution to the problems caused by cell growth?
-the solution to the problems caused by cell growth is, the replication of DNA.

4. as a cell increases in size, which increases more rapidly, its surface are or it's volume?
-The volume of a cell increases more rapidly than the surface area of a cell.

5. Calculate the suface area, volume and ratio of surface area to volume of an imaginary cubic cell with a length of 4 cm.

surface area: 4 cm * 4 cm * 6= 96 cm2
volume: 4 * 4 * 4= 64 cm3
ratio of surface area= 96/1= 96:1

p. 249 questions 1-6
1. Name the main events of the cell cycle?

-3 main events of the cell cycle are cell growth, preparation for division, and division to form 2 daughter cells.

2. Describe what happens during each of the four phases of mitosis?

-four phases of mitosis:

prophase- the chromosomes become visible, condensed chromosomes become attached to fibers in the spindle at a point near the centromere of each chromotid. at the end of prophase, the chromosomes coil even more tightly then the nucleous disappears and the nucleur envelope breaks down.

metaphase- chromosomes line up across the center of the cell. microtubules connect the centromere of each chromosome to the poles of the spindle.

anaphase- the centromeres seperate allowing the sister chromatids to seperate and become individual chromosomes. they continue to seperate till they become two groups near the poles of the spindle. this process ends when the chromosomes stop moving.

http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/mitosisisg/anaphase.html

telophase- the chromosomes begin to disperse into a tangle of dense material. a nucleur envelope reforms around the cluster of chromosomes. a spindle begins to break apart, and a nucleolus becomes visible in eahc daughter nucleus. mitosis is then complete , yet cell division stil has to occur.

3. describe what happens during interphase.

-Interphase refers to all stages of the cell cycle other than mitosis. During interphase, cellular organelles double in number, the DNA replicates, and protein synthesis occurs. The chromosomes are not visible and the DNA appears as uncoiled chromatin.

4. what are chromosomes made of?

-they are made up of DNA

5. how do prokaryotic cells divide?
-The chromosome is duplicated prior to division. The two copies of the chromosome attach to opposing sides of the cellular membrane. Cytokinesis, the physical separation of the cell, occurs immediately.

6. how is cytokinesis in plant cells similiar to cytokinesis in animal cells? how is it different?

-they are similiar because they both contain its own nucleus .

-they are different because in an animal cell the cell membrane is drawn inward until the cytoplasm in pinched into two nearly equal parts. in a plant cell, the cell plates forms midway between the divided nuclei. The cell plate gradually develops into a seperating membrane. A cell wall then begins to apear in the cell plate.

p.252 questions 1-5

1. what chemicals regulate the cell cycle? how do they work?

-cyclins regulate the cell cycle. they do so in eukaryotic cells.

2. what happens when cells do not respond to the signals that normally regulate their growth?

-they form masses of cells called tumors that can damage the surrounding tissue.

3.how do cells respond to contact with other cells?

-they respond by not growing.

4. why can cancer be considered a disease of the cell cycle?

-because understanding and combating cancer remains a major scientific challenge.

http://www.stormingmedia.us/15/1566/A156683.html

5. write a hypothesis about what you think would happen if cyclin were injected into a cell that was in mitosis.

If cyclin were injected into a cell that was in mitosis, the timing would be off and the process would then be messed up.

p.257 questions 1-10

1. the rate at which materials enter and leave through the cell membrane depends on the cell's volume

2. the process of cell division results in sister chromatides.

3. pairs of identical chromatids are attached to each other at an area called the spindle

4. if a cell has 12 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will each of its daughter cells have after mitosis 6

5. at the beginning of cell division, a chromosome consists of two chromatids.

6. the phase of mitosis during which chromosome become visible and the centrioles seperate from one another is telophase

7. metaphase is best illustrated in which figure? figure b

8. the timing og the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells is controlled by a group of closly related proteins known as cyclins.

9. in the cell cycle, external regulators direct cells to grow uncontrollably

10. uncontrolled cell division occurs in cyclin

Cell Division Vocabulary

Cell Division- a process by which a cell, called the parent cell, divides into two cells, called daughter cells. Cell division is usually a small segment of a larger cell cycle. In meiosis however, a cell is permanently transformed and cannot divide again.

http://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/tutorials/cell_cycle/mitosis_movie.html

Chromatid- One of the two side by side replicas produced by chromosome replication in mitosis or meiosis. Subunit of a chromosome after replication and prior to anaphase of meiosis II or mitosis. At anaphase of meiosis II or mitosis when the centromeres divide and the sister chromatids separate each chromatid becomes a chromosome.

Centromere- Centromeres are highly complex chromosomal substructures involved in essential aspects of chromosome transmission during cell division. The centromere/kinetochor complex is responsible for directing chromosome movements in mitosis and for faithful progression of mitotic events at the transition between metaphase and anaphase

Interphase- Interphase refers to all stages of the cell cycle other than mitosis. During interphase, cellular organelles double in number, the DNA replicates, and protein synthesis occurs. The chromosomes are not visible and the DNA appears as uncoiled chromatin.

Cell cycle- or cell-division cycle, is the series of events that take place in a eukaryotic cell leading to its replication. These events can be divided in two broad periods: interphase—during which the cell grows, accumulating nutrients needed for mitosis and duplicating its DNA—and the mitotic (M) phase, during which the cell splits itself into two distinct cells, often called "daughter cells".

Mitosis- Mitosis is nuclear division plus cytokinesis, and produces two identical daughter cells during prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

prophase- a stage of mitosis in which the chromatin condenses into a highly ordered structure called a chromosome

centriole- a barrel shaped organelle found in most eukaryotic cells, though absent in higher plants and fungi. The walls of each centriole are usually composed of nine triplets of microtubules.

spindle- pulls together the chromosomes into the two daughter cells.

metaphase-In Metaphase the kinetochores that are responsible for moving the chromosomes jump begin to orientate the chromosomes.

anaphase- In anaphase two events occur. First the kinetochores begin to move towards the poles. Then the polar fibers elongate, spreading the poles farther apart from each other.

telophase-A stage in cell division when the nucleus of one cell is divided equally into two nuclei.

cytokinesis- Cytokinesis is the process whereby the cytoplasm of a single cell is divided to spawn two daughter cells.

cyclin- a family of proteins involved in the progression of cells through the cell cycle.

cancer- a group of diseases in which cells are aggressive (grow and divide without respect to normal limits), invasive (invade and destroy adjacent tissues), and sometimes metastatic (spread to other locations in the body).

Hi! Im Jane Colden. I have many likes and intrests that include; driving, shopping, listening to music, hanging out with friends, ice skating, bowling and playing volleyball. I have a large family including a twin brother and i love every single one of em! The two things i cannot live without are my cell phone and my chapstick, they are the two main items i always have on me... Im lovin life, just livin it up!